Emmett W Chappelle
By
John C Abercrombie
We frequently think of segregation as a Southern thing, but in 1925 Emmett Chappelle was born in Phoenix, Arizona in segregation. He was born to his parents Viola White Chappelle and Isom Chappelle. Because of segregation he attended Phoenix Union Colored High School in Phoenix. After graduation he enlisted in the United States Army and was fortunate to be able to take some engineering courses before being assigned to the 92nd Infantry Division and was stationed in Italy.
In 1925, Emmett Chappelle was born in Phoenix, Arizona to his parents, Viola White Chappelle and Isom Chappelle, who grew cotton and raised cattle on their farm. Born into segregation, Chappelle was required to attend the segregated Phoenix Union Colored High School in Phoenix, where he was the top graduate of his senior class of twenty-five students. Upon graduation, in 1942, Emmett enlisted in the army where he was able to take some engineering courses before being assigned to the 92nd Infantry Division that was stationed in Italy. During his time in the service, he suffered two non-fatal wounds in action. After his return from Italy in 1946, he attended Phoenix College where he studied electrical engineering and received an A.A. degree before he redirected his focus and career towards the sciences.
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Chappelle received a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1950. Later working as an instructor of biochemistry at Meharry Medical College in Nashville. He left there to pursue his education at the University of Washington and received his master’s degree in biology.
From 1955 to 1958, he worked as a research associate at Stanford University where he was also appointed as a scientist and biochemist for the Research Institute of Advanced Studies until 1963.
In 1958, Chappelle joined the Research Institute in Baltimore, a division of the Martin Marietta Corporation that designed airplanes and spacecraft. There, Chappelle made a discovery that has contributed to the knowledge of bacteria, cyanobacteria, and other single-celled organisms around the world. He discovered that even single-celled organisms such as algae, are photosynthetic, meaning they are able to convert carbon dioxide to sugar and water into oxygen. The ability to photosynthesize is characteristic of all plants, which is the opposite process of cellular respiration, which all organisms use to create the energy needed for life.
In 1963, Chappelle went to work as a biochemist but later joined the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as an exobiologist and astrochemist at Hazelton Laboratories, now known as Covance Inc., As an exobiologist and astrochemist of NASA, he was a person someone who focuses towards the search for extraterrestrial life and studies the chemistry of astronomical objects, he worked on the Viking Spacecraft and helped develop instruments to collect and scrape soil from the surface of Mars. However, he was most well-known for his work on bioluminescence. In 1977 he was moved to the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, as a remote sensing scientist, studying natural systems to improve environmental management.
While designing instruments for the Mars Viking spacecraft, Chappelle became interested in bioluminescence, which is warm light produced by living organisms. He developed a method using two chemicals, luciferase, and luciferin, from fireflies which give off light when mixed with ATP (adenosine triphosphate), an energy storage compound found in all living cells, to detect the presence of ATP. This method for ATP detection can be used to detect life on other planets as well as microbiological organisms. Chappelle also proved that the number of bacteria in water can be measured by the amount of light given off by that bacterium. This discovery allowed scientists and doctors to detect lesser amounts of bacteria in places such as urine, in order to detect an onset of a bacterial infection. Additionally, he developed a method for determining vegetation health by using laser-induced fluorescence to measure the amount of photosynthesis occurring in crops, allowing scientists to detect plant stress, determine growth rates, water conditions, and harvest timing.
Chappell is the recipient of 14 U.S. patents for inventions related to medicine, food science, and biochemistry. A member of the National Inventors Hall of Fame, Chappelle is one of the most distinguished African American scientists and engineers of the 20th century.
Chappelle retired from NASA in 2001, at the age of seventy-six. He died in Baltimore, Maryland on October 14, 2019, at the age of ninety-three.
As long as it is possible to dream of a solution to a problem it is possible until that person admits defeat and quits. We are made to accomplish the impossible.
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Emmett W Chappell p2
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Emmett W Chappelle
Summary of the Life events of Emmett W. Chappelle.
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The Glowing Beach: A Children’s Book about Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence is the production and release of light by a living organism, which might be a difficult concept for kids to grasp. This book playfully explains how bioluminescent creatures (such as dinoflagellates) work, while showing how science can be beautiful too! Printed with OpenDyslexic typeface, which helps people with dyslexia read more efficiently.
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The Glow of Life | Great Minds: Emmett Chappelle
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Dr. Emmett Chappelle developed a test to find living microbes on other planets, and while it hasn’t yet been used to find life amongst the stars, we’ve found many applications for it here on Earth
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Book
Bioluminescence: Living Lights, Lights for Living
Bioluminescence is everywhere on earth―most of all in the ocean, from angler fish in the depths to the flashing of dinoflagellates at the surface. Here, Thérèse Wilson and Woody Hastings explore the natural history, evolution, and biochemistry of the diverse array of organisms that emit light.
While some bacteria, mushrooms, and invertebrates, as well as fish, are bioluminescent, other vertebrates and plants are not. The sporadic distribution and paucity of luminous forms calls for explanation, as does the fact that unrelated groups evolved completely different biochemical pathways to luminescence. The authors explore the hypothesis that many different luciferase systems arose in the early evolution of life because of their ability to remove oxygen, which was toxic to life when it first appeared on earth. As oxygen became abundant and bioluminescence was no longer adequate for oxygen removal, other antioxidant mechanisms evolved and most luminous species became extinct. Those light-emitting species that avoided extinction evolved uses with survival value for the light itself. Today’s luminous organisms use bioluminescence for defense from predators, for their own predatory purposes, or for communication in sexual courtship.
Bioluminescence was earlier viewed as a fascinating feature of the living world, but one whose study seemed unlikely to contribute in any practical way. Today, bioluminescence is no longer an esoteric area of research. Applications are numerous, ranging from the rapid detection of microbial contamination in beef and water, to finding the location of cancer cells, to working out circuitry in the brain.
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Emmett Chappelle: Bringing Light to Life
Emmett Chappelle made major contributions to science, most notably in his study of bioluminescence. Chappelle’s work helped astronauts breathe in space, and he also found ways to visualize signs of life in space soils. In 2007, he joined the National Inventors Hall of Fame.
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Emmett Chappelle: Black History Month 2023 Highlight – TLSS #blackhistory
Emmett Chappelle is our Black History Month 2022 Highlight! Emmett Chappelle was an American scientist who made valuable contributions in the fields of medicine, philanthropy, food science, and astrochemistry. His achievements led to his induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for his work on Bio-luminescence, in 2007. Thank you Emmett Chappelle for making history!
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Emmett W. Chappelle: African American Biochemist
notable black american scientists
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Black Roots: A Beginners Guide To Tracing The African American Family Tree
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Finally, here is the fun, easy-to-use guide that African Americans have been waiting for since Alex Haley published Roots more than twenty-five years ago. Written by the leading African American professional genealogist in the United States who teaches and lectures widely, Black Roots highlights some of the special problems, solutions, and sources unique to African Americans. Based on solid genealogical principles and designed for those who have little or no experience researching their family’s past, but valuable to any genealogist, this book explains everything you need to get started, including: where to search close to home, where to write for records, how to make the best use of libraries and the Internet, and how to organize research, analyze historical documents, and write the family history.
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The following book is a great addition to the above and can be used to answer and further your search for ancestors that can bring pride to you. We come from strong roots, discover and take pride!
Black Roots: A Beginners Guide To Tracing The African American Family Tree
Trace, document, record, and write your family’s history with this easy-to-read, step-by-step authoritative guide.
Finally, here is the fun, easy-to-use guide that African Americans have been waiting for since Alex Haley published Roots more than twenty-five years ago. Written by the leading African American professional genealogist in the United States who teaches and lectures widely, Black Roots highlights some of the special problems, solutions, and sources unique to African Americans. Based on solid genealogical principles and designed for those who have little or no experience researching their family’s past, but valuable to any genealogist, this book explains everything you need to get started, including: where to search close to home, where to write for records, how to make the best use of libraries and the Internet, and how to organize research, analyze historical documents, and write the family history.
This guide also includes:
-real case histories that illustrate the unique challenges posed to African Americans and how they were solved
-more than 100 illustrations and photographs of actual documents and records you’re likely to encounter when tracing your family tree
-samples of all the worksheets and forms you’ll need to keep your research in order
-a list of the traps even experienced researchers often fall into that hamper their research
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It is demoralizing to hear negative information about your abilities and history all the time. While there are successes among all races and nations, it is important to break the negative myths and realize that all people are on earth to succeed. Oure time is NOW!